Słowa kluczowe: philology, translation, Italian, Spanish, poetry, Alda Merini, La Terra Santa, poetry translation, cognated languages, phraseotranslation, phraseology, Rimbaud, subjectivity, alchemy of the Word, poetic revolution, dramatic expressionism, Perec, everyday life, infra-ordinaire, existential, New Rhetoric, argumentation, epistemology, science, universal audience, Gran Canaria, lenition, language change, weakening, forms of address, natural semantic metalanguage (NSM), intercultural pragmatics, teaching approach, Portuguese as a foreign language, interrogative sentence, Italian verbal mood, utterance, modality, epistemic modality, deontic modality, illocutionary act, question, bilingualism, francophony, Marian Pankowski, Polish literature, Belgian literature, ideology, literary historiography, transnationalism, Romanian literature, literary history, contemporary literature, literary canon, Sorana Gurian, Romanian-language literature, Francophone literature, literary reception, biographical research, women’s writing