Słowa kluczowe: international trade, cultural heritage, World Trade Organization, Article XX(f) of the GATT 1994, general exceptions, national treasures, cultural property, European Union, Article 36 TFEU, human rights, constitutional rights, import and export, Germany, Single European Market, 2019 EU Import Regulation, Canada, 1970 UNESCO Convention, UK, Nazi Era spoliation, tainted cultural objects, cultural heritage law, criminal law, Italian and EU law, legal definitions of cultural property, photographs as cultural property, art market, photography market, cultural property export, federal registry (inventory), Switzerland, export authorization, national treasure, Waverley criteria, export control, Arts Council, objects of cultural interest, export of cultural property, cultural significance, pre-emption right, EU, China, Castiglione, looting, Ai Weiwei, protection of cultural property, gravity assessment, the Site of Palmyra, ICC Prosecutor, Al Mahdi case