Słowa kluczowe: inferentiality, evidentiality, uncertainty, quotation, advice, instruction, dynamic pragmasemantics, information state, expletive, null subject, Russian, complement clause, referential pronoun, NPIs, scalar particles, alternatives, formal semantics, experimental linguistics, secondary stress, German, verbal derivation, stress-sensitivity, sonority, modularity, features, Elements, two phonologies, segment laryngeal properties, place of articulation, participles, passives, degree achievements, focus particles, adverbials, Subject Experiencer verbs, Object Experiencer verbs, psych causative alternation, unergative verbs, unaccusative verbs, the Polish language, licensing, person, reflexives, anchoring, agreement, partitive, pseudopartitive, Differential Object Marking, labelling, noun phrase, adjective ordering restrictions, functional hierarchy, experimental syntax, cognitive foundations of syntax