Słowa kluczowe: American Jewish culture and literature, the Jewish Mother stereotype, Jüdischer Ordnungsdienst, II War War, Nazi occupation, Kraków ghetto, Kraków, Płaszów, Kazimierz, Jewish cemeteries, World War I, Cracow Jews, creation and history of military cemeteries, rabbi, portrait, lithography, the National Museum in Krakow, Bulgaria, Chief Rabbi, Alliance Israelite Universelle, 19th century, Szymon Dankowicz, Tel Shalem, Bar Kokhba Revolt, Galilee, Beth Shean, Caesarea, Petra, Dura Europos, Hadrian, Tineius Rufus, legio X Fretensis, legio VI Ferrata, Jewish Studies, Germany, immigration, Holocaust memorialization, Jewish studies, 20th century Poland, Jewish heritage, revival, Russia, St. Petersburg, higher education, Jewish identity, Soviet Jews, unaffiliated Jews, Jewish Studies funding, Semyon Dubnov, Twentieth-Century Jewish history, Russian Emigration, Jewish Nationalism, Jewish languages, Zionism