Słowa kluczowe: Elephantine papyri, Francesco Petrarch’s Cracow Aramaic Codex, Ger in the Old Testament, Hebrew-Polish dictionary, Kh.Q. 2416 and 2417, Matthew 16.19, John 10.1–21, Qumran paleography, Thanksgiving Hymns from Qumran., anti-Semitism, Heidegger, 20th century philosophy, Nazism, intellectual life, Judaica, Montesquieu, orphan works, Jagiellonian University, Yiddish literature, Communism, postwar Poland, the Holocaust, ‘new Jewish man’, Socialist Realism, return to Poland, Polish Jews, Israel, immigrants, immigration wave, Holocaust survivors, post-war Poland, returns, Kraków, Łódź [Lodz], literary personal accounts, Jewish property, housing policy, neighbours, Germany, Weimar Republic, Eastern European Jews, Ostjuden, discourse analysis, aid for children, charity, Jews, L’viv, philanthropic associations, poor students, Jewish art, art in Łódź, Adolf Zeligson, Silberstein, Poznanski, Jewish patronage, assimilation, the image of the Jew, Natanson family, Jan Jeleński, Rola, equal rights, liberal reform, regional laws, status of Jewish community, Jewish community statute, law of 21 March 1890, Hassidm, Mithnagdim, Kabbalah, Vilna Gaon, Halakhah, Eastern European Jewry, tokens, Polish Jewry, material culture, anthropology of Jews, media of exchange, Tsedaka (charity), Shechita (ritual slaughter)