Słowa kluczowe: Alona Frankel, Amos Oz, Ashkenazi Jews, David Grossman, diaspora Jews, Gila Almagor, Holocaust survivors, immigrants, Israel, Mapai, Midrasha Gallery, Mizrachi Jews, second generation, “Sabra, ” Yechazkel Rahamim, Zionism, Israeli literature, Theodor Herzl, Eshkol Nevo, modern Israeli identity, Egypt, Sinai, Golan Heights, Syria, security, immigration policy, Law of Return, refugees, asylum seekers, infiltrators, Israel independence, international law, Hebrew instruction, certification, language assessment, language teaching methodology, CEFRL, communicative approach, structures, partnerships, patronages, Vilnius, Jewish community, early-modern economy, city, capital, money, Heinrich Heine, Deutschland. Ein Wintermärchen, Yiddish translation, Moyshe-Leyb Halpern, Moyshe Khashtshevatsky, Second Polish Republic, Jews, Poles, combatants, Jewish population, antisemitism, boycott, antisemitic riots, Michał Borwicz, Maksymilian Boruchowicz, Kraków, literature, Jagiellonian University, Nazism, novel, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Birobijan, Foreign Office, Jews in the USSR, Belgian literature in French, Belgium, Poland, Polish Jews