SLAVONIC LOANWORDS IN THE BOOK OF DANIEL PRESERVED IN THE SOUTH-WESTERN KARAIM

The paper discusses the etymology of Slavonic loanwords found in a previously unpub-lished South-Western Karaim translation of the Book of Daniel copied into manuscript no. ADub.III.. South-Western Karaims were surrounded by speakers of Polish, Ukrainian and Russian, with the linguistic contact instigating changes in Karaim over a period of several centuries. The present article focuses only on the Slavonic impact upon Karaim vocabulary and attempts to determine whether the borrowed words can be traced back to Polish, Ukrainian or Russian etymons. The loanwords are additionally compared with their counterparts in ancient Polish Bible translations. The aim of this article is to describe Slavonic loanwords attested in a South-Western Karaim translation of the Book of Daniel, a translation which is preserved in manuscript no. ADub.III.. The text in question was written in the nineteenth century by Jeshua Josef Mordkowicz, 1 a Karaim ḥazzan from Halych, who was renowned for copying the Hebrew Bible, in its entirety, into South-Western Karaim (Németh : ).

The aim of this article is to describe Slavonic loanwords attested in a South-Western Karaim translation of the Book of Daniel, a translation which is preserved in manuscript no.ADub.III..The text in question was written in the nineteenth century by Jeshua Josef Mordkowicz, 1 a Karaim ḥazzan from Halych, who was renowned for copying the Hebrew Bible, in its entirety, into South-Western Karaim (Németh : ).
The manuscript known as no.ADub.III.,however, consists only of Writings, except for the Book of Chronicles.The Book of Daniel, which is the source material of the present study, is written on folios  r o - r o . 2 Slavonic loanwords in Karaim have been researched by a number of academics.3The three dialects of Karaim, due to the geographic distances separating their respective users, were influenced to varying degrees by different Slavonic languages.In the eastern (Crimean) dialect few changes are observed and the influence is limited mainly to vocabulary borrowed from Russian.The northwestern (Troki) dialect exhibits numerous transformations related to Russian, Polish and Byelorussian, not only lexically but also with respect to phonology (e.g. the ö, ü > ´o, ´u vowel change, excepting the word-initial position, as in kün > ḱuń 'day' , which occurred under Russian influence) and to some extent morphology (Moskovič and Tukan : ).The south-western (Halych-Łuck) dialect has also been heavily influenced in terms of phonology, morphology and vocabulary by three languages -Polish, Ukrainian and Russian.Most academic papers addressing the Slavonic impact on Karaim fail to determine the exact language which has caused a given change, preferring to use the generic term Slavonic.The Karaim dictionary by Baskakov, Šapšal and Zajączkowski (), subsequently referred to as KRPS, is more precise since it provides the exact etymology whenever possible. 4Additionally, an article published by Németh () elaborates upon the Polish influence on Southwestern Karaim, concentrating on non-lexical aspects, with an emphasis on issues related to syntax.
It is unquestionably more straightforward to discuss Slavonic loanwords in South-Western Karaim without attempting to determine whether the origin language of a given word is Polish, Ukrainian or Russian due to the similarities between these languages.Moreover, many Karaim manuscripts are not vocalized which impedes reading the texts correctly and renders the task of finding the correct etymons of Slavonic borrowings more difficult.In the case of the Bible translations copied by Mordkowicz, it is easier to draw the appropriate conclusions as the copyist showed due diligence while writing.He vocalized the entire text and spelling mistakes are rare. 5he present paper does not aim to undertake a comprehensive analysis of Slavonic loanwords in South-Western Karaim Bible translations in general, a task yet to be implemented, but rather to examine this issue using sample material from the translation of the Book of Daniel preserved in manuscript no.ADub.III.(subsequently referred to as Dan).Thus, it should be borne in mind that the text under consideration is not extensive enough to reach definite conclusions with respect to South-Western Karaim.However, the aforementioned material is sufficient to provide us with a variety of Slavonic loanwords by the means of which we may determine the general characteristics of the borrowings employed in South-Western Karaim Bible translations in the nineteenth century.
In the analysis, I provide the etymology of Slavonic loanwords and discuss whether the given word should be considered a loanword from Polish, Ukrainian or Russian.This task was possible only to a certain extent because most specialized vocabulary, e.g. that which pertains to military and administrative terminology, is phonetically identical in the three languages.Therefore, in such cases it is impossible to determine precisely the exact language from which a given word has been borrowed.Additionally, the list does not include Slavonic vocabulary that can be found in Karaim dictionaries, generally the Karaim-Russian-Polish dictionary (KRPS).However, the list does comprise words which have a different denotation than that attested in the Karaim dictionaries or for which a different etymology other than that suggested by the Karaim dictionaries is proposed.As such, this paper may be considered an addition to Karaim lexicography.While searching for probable etymons I mainly employed the following historical and etymological dictionaries; Linde's Polish dictionary (-), Tymčenko's (-) historical and Mel´nyčuk's (-) etymological dictionary of Ukrainian, as well as Filin's Russian dictionary (-) and Barchudarov's historical dictionary of Russian (-).
A comparison of the Slavonic lexicon was additionally undertaken using two Bible translations into Polish, namely the seventeenth century Biblia Gdańska, which was reprinted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and the Biblia Brzeska, an earlier translation from the sixteenth century.A closer examination of the South-Western Karaim Bible translation in question versus the two Polish translations of the Bible mentioned above reveals significant similarities, though more in the case of the Biblia Gdańska than the Biblia Brzeska. 6This may suggest that the Karaim translators referred to the Polish Bible translations when faced in the original Bible text with Hebrew words that proved difficult to translate into a Karaim equivalent.It is also possible that the Polish loanword was perceived as already being assimilated in Karaim.The verse Dan : is a good example of the similarities between the Polish and South Western Karaim translations.manuscript no.ADub.III.84: Ancaq ṕeńi anyn qorenleribyla qalsynlar jerde da temirli buɣovlar ücüne da tuʒlu tüzdegi keget istine da köktegi cyq byla juvunur […].'However leave the trunk with its roots in the ground, and iron chains inside it and bronze on the grass of the field.And it shall be washed with the dew of heaven.'

Biblia Gdańska:
Wszakże pień korzenia jego w ziemi zostawcie, a niech będzie związany łańcuchem żelaznym i miedzianym na trawie polnej, aby rosą niebieską był skrapiany […].'However leave the trunk of its roots7 in the ground, and it shall be bound with iron and bronze chains on the grass of the field so it may be sprinkled with the dew of heaven.' In the fragment above two words are borrowed from Slavonic languages and both are identical with their Polish counterparts.The first, ṕeń 'trunk' , corresponds with the Polish pień 'trunk' and is not found in the Karaim dictionaries.The second, qoren 'root' , is attested in KRPS (), and, therefore, not included in the wordlist below.

Slavonic loanwords in alphabetical order
(1) Arfa, spelled ‫ָא‬ ‫פ‬ ְ ‫ר‬ ‫,אַ‬ occurs in Dan four times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'harp' .It is a loanword either from the Ukr. and Russ.арфа 'harp' or possibly from a now-obsolete Pol.word arfa 'harp' .Its counterpart in the Bibl.Gd. is harfa 'harp' , while an earlier Polish translation, namely from the Bibl.Brz., provides the variant arfa.The contemporary Pol.equivalent has a wordinitial h-, i.e. harfa, but Linde's Polish dictionary from  provides the variant arfa (Linde  vol.: ).Tymčenko's historical dictionary also attests arfa for Ukrainian (Tymčenko -: ), whereas the Karaim dictionary attributes it only to SWKar.(KRPS ) and states that the word has been borrowed from Russ.
An example sentence from the manuscript is given below:8 Ne zamanny ki esitseniz avazyn qornetnin byrɣynyn sqrypcenin pišcalqanyn arfanyn symfonalianyn da bar ojun savutlarynyn tiškejsiz (Dan :) 'When you hear the sound of a cornet, a trumpet, a violin, a pipe, a harp, a dulcimer, and all [kinds] of musical instruments, you shall fall down' (2) Dbatet-, 9 spelled ‫יט‬ ‫אטֵ‬ ‫בַ‬ ‫,דְ‬ only occurs in Dan once (Dan :) with the meaning of 'to care' .It is formed of a Slavonic verb and a Trk.auxiliary verb et-'to do' , which is well-established in Turkic languages.It is not possible to determine from which specific language the verb has been borrowed as its origin is a common Slavonic word found in Pol. as dbać, in Ukr. as дбати and in Russ.as дбать all with the same denotation 'to care' .The equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. provides a similar but not identical translation, namely my się nie frasujemy 'we are not worried'; the verb frasować się 'to worry, to be anxious' is an obsolete term.An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: da ajttylar meleḫke Nevuḫadnecarɣa dbatetmejbiz biz bunun ücün ki qaruv bergejbiz sana (Dan :) 'and they said to the king Nebuchadnezzar "We do not care about this matter that we should answer you"' (3) Hetman, spelled ‫ן‬ ‫מַ‬ ‫יטְ‬ ‫,הֵ‬ appears in Dan four times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) and has the meaning 'commander' .Its etymon is either the Pol.hetman or the Ukr.гетьман, both with the same meaning, that is 'commander' .The Slavonic hetman is a historical title given to commanders-in-chief in Czechia, Poland and Ukraine, and, therefore, it is impossible to determine from which language the word has been borrowed.The Russ. equivalent has a word-initial g-, i.e. гетман.Interestingly, the equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. is wódz 'chief, commander' while the Bibl.Brz.provides the word hetmani (the plural form of the word hetman).
An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: ancaq hetman eksitir rusvajlyɣyn anyn (Dan :) 'but a commander shall put an end to his insolence' (4) Qolen, spelled ‫ֵין‬ ‫ל‬ ‫,קוֹ‬ appears in Dan twice (Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'shin, lower leg' .Its etymon is either the Pol.goleń or the Russ.голень 'shin, lower leg'; the Ukr.голены 'shin, lower leg' (SPCU ) in the historical Ukr.dictionary is a less probable origin.The word's equivalents in the Bibl.Gd. and the Bibl.Brz. are golenie 'lower legs, shins' (the plural form of the word goleń).
An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: qolenleri anyn temirli da ajaqlary anyn birlerinden temirli (Dan :) 'its legs [were made] of iron and its feet one part of them of iron' (5) Qornet, spelled ‫ֵיט‬ ‫נ‬ ְ ‫ר‬ ‫,קוֹ‬ appears in Dan four times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) and has the meaning 'cornet (a musical instrument similar to a trumpet)' .It is a common word in all the three languages in question, i.e. kornet 'cornet' in Pol. and корнет 'cornet' in Ukr. and Russ., so it is impossible to establish from which language it has been borrowed.Interestingly, in the Book of Daniel it occurs in sentences next to the Trk.word byrɣy (KRPS ), attested in WKar., which has a similar denotation, namely 'trumpet' .Its counterpart in both the Bibl.Gd. and the Bibl.Brz. is trąba 'trumpet' .Cf. the word arfa for an example sentence as all the names of musical instruments appear in the same verse.
(6) Ṕeń (or peń) occurs only once in Dan (Dan :), and with a possessive suffix, i.e. peni 'its tree trunk' .It is spelled ‫י‬ ‫ֵינִ‬ ‫.פ‬It may be a loanword from the Pol.pień, the Russ.пень or the Ukr.пень 'tree trunk' .Unfortunately the Karaim semicursive employed in the manuscript does not differentiate between a palatalized reading, i.e. ṕeń, which would indicate the Pol. or Russ.provenance of this word, and a non-palatalized reading, i.e. peń, which would suggest an Ukr.influence (in Ukr. the word-initial consonant p is not palatalized).The word's equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. is pień 'tree trunk' .
An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: ancaq ṕeni anyn qorenleribyla qalsynlar jerde (Dan :) 'but leave the trunk with its roots in the ground' (7) Pišcalqa, spelled ‫א‬ ‫קַ‬ ‫אלְ‬ ‫צַ‬ ‫ישְ‬ ‫,פִ‬ appears four times in Dan (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'pipe' .It is without doubt a loanword from the Pol.piszczałka 'pipe' , as its counterpart in the historical dictionary of Russ. is пищалка 'dim.lyre' (SRJH vol.: ) and the word is not present in the Ukr.dictionaries.KRPS attests the variant piscełka (KRPS ) for SWKar.The word has most probably been borrowed from a Polish Bible translation, that is from the Bibl.Gd., in which its equivalent is piszczałka 'pipe' .Cf. the word arfa for an example sentence as all the names of musical instruments appear in the same verse.
(8) Poborca, spelled ‫א‬ ‫צָ‬ ְ ‫,פ͏וֹב͏וֹר‬ appears in Dan twice (Dan :, Dan :) and has the meaning 'collector, treasurer' .It is a loanword from the Pol.poborca 'collector' as it is not attested in either the Ukr. or Russ.dictionaries.As with the word pišcalqa, it has most probably been borrowed from the Bibl.Gd; poborca 'collector' is the equivalent word.
An example sentence from the manuscript is given below: da Nevuḫadnecar meleḫ ijdi ystyrma kśonzelerni vojvodalarny hetmanlerni poborcalarny šlaḥtalarny uredniqlerni (Dan :) 'and Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather the princes, the governors, the commanders, the treasurers, the nobles, the officials' (14) An adjective sqarlatovyj, spelled ‫ייְ‬ ‫וִ‬ ‫ַטוֹ‬ ‫ל‬ ְ ‫ר‬ ‫קַ‬ ‫,סְ‬ appears in Dan three times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) and has the meaning 'scarlet, purple' .The dictionary produced by Witwicki in the nineteenth century provides the variant шкарлатовій 'scarlet' for Ukr.(SPCU ), which is a borrowing from Pol. 13 and not subsequently attested in Ukr.The etymon of the Ukr.шкарлатовій is the Middle Polish szkarłatowy 'scarlet' .The historical dictionary by Linde provides the variants szarłatowy and szkarłatowy (Linde  V: ) for Pol., with the latter being more prevalent in speech.According to Barchudarov the historical equivalent in Russ.was pronounced with the word-initial consonant s, i.e. скорлатный (SRJH vol.: ).The consistent spelling of the word-initial s in the word sqarlatovyj in the Karaim manuscript, instead of the sound š, is most probably an example of a dialectal form characteristic of the language used in the eastern lands of the Commonwealth.Kurzowa (: ) states that there is evidence of words pronounced with s instead of š, particularly in the rural areas of the south-eastern part of the Commonwealth, e.g.skło 'glass' instead of szkło; sklanka 'glass, tumbler' instead of szklanka.The equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. is the noun szarłat 'scarlet' .
An example sentence from the manuscript is given below: har kisi qajsy uḥusa bu jazysny da jorasyn anyn anlatsa mana sqarlatovy upraq kijer (Dan :) 'anyone who reads this writing, and explains its interpretation to me, shall be clothed in a scarlet robe' (15) Sqrypce is another word associated with musical terminology and means 'violin' .It appears in Dan three times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) and each time is spelled as ‫י‬ ‫צֵ‬ ‫יפְ‬ ִ ‫ר‬ ‫קְ‬ ‫,סְ‬ so its spelling cannot be attributed to a mistake by the copyist.It is most probably a transitional form between the Pol.skrzypce and the Ukr.скрипка or the Russ.скрыпка 'violin' . 14In an article addressing the mutual influence of Polish and Ukrainian through the centuries, Łesiów states that dialects in the eastern lands of the Commonwealth displayed many features of a transitional dialect between Polish and Ukrainian (Łesiów, De Lossa, Koropeckyj : -).The word sqrypce may be an example of such a mixed dialectal form.Sicińska (: -) provides multiple examples taken from th and th century epistolographic material that was written in southeastern Polish dialects in which standard Polish words are realized with the sound r instead of rz, e.g.komieyszar 'commissioner' (< stand.Pol.komisarz 'commissioner'), potreba 'need' (< stand.Pol.potrzeba 'need'), powietra 'air-GEN' (< stand.Pol.powietrza 'air-GEN').The Ukrainian influence is clearly visible when the phonetic realization of the above-mentioned words is examined with respect to their Ukr.counterparts, namely комісар, потреба, повітря.The word sqrypce has a corresponding equivalent in the Bibl.Gd., namely skrzypce 'violin' .Cf. the word arfa for an example sentence as all the names of musical instruments appear in the same verse.
(16) The word starosta ∼ štarosta, spelled ‫טָ‬ ‫סְ‬ ‫רוֹ‬ ‫טָ‬ ‫,שְ‬ occurs only once in Dan (Dan :) and has the meaning 'community leader, staroste' .It is spelled with the word-initial shin instead of samekh.From an etymological point of view starosta should be spelled with a word-initial s, however, Kurzowa (: -) stated that in the eastern lands of the Commonwealth the sound s was sometimes pronounced as š, e.g.szkarpetki < skarpetki 'socks' , szpyrytus < spirytus 'spirit' .Unfortunately, this word only occurs once in the manuscript, so it is impossible to determine whether the spelling with the word-initial shin is a copyist's mistake or an accurate representation of how the South-Western Karaims pronounced this noun.Starosta may be a loanword from either the Pol.starosta, the Ukr.староста or the Russ.староста 'community leader' , but it is most probably a borrowing from Pol. as this word was used primarily in Pol.administration.Its counterpart in the Bibl.Gd. is starostowie (a plural form of starosta) 'community leaders' .
An example sentence from the manuscript is given below: Ol vaḥtta ystyryndylar kśonzeler vojvodalar da hetmanlar starostalar (Dan :) 'Then the princes, the governors, and the commanders, the community leaders gathered' (17) Symfonalia is another word related to music and it occurs in Dan three times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :).It is spelled ‫יאָ‬ ‫ַאלִ‬ ‫נ‬ ‫͏פֿוֹ‬ ‫ימְ‬ ‫סִ‬ and denotes 'an archaic musical instrument, dulcimer' .Its etymon is most probably an obsolete Pol.noun symfonał which denotes an archaic musical instrument.It is attested in the Polish dictionary by Linde as symfonał 'muzyczne narzędzie | musical instrument' (Linde  V: ).Szydłowska-Ceglowa (: -) argues that it was not used in Polish after the seventeenth century.Its equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. is also symfonał 'musical instrument' .A similar translation is found in the Russian Synodal Bible from , namely симфония, yet it is the Polish Bible that seems to have influenced the SWKar.translation.Cf. the word arfa for an example sentence as all the names of musical instruments appear in the same verse.
(18) Šlaḥta, spelled ‫א‬ ‫טַ‬ ‫ָחְ‬ ‫ל‬ ‫,שְ‬ appears in Dan twice (Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'noble, nobleman' .A semantic change in the usage of this word can be observed as in Slavic languages it denotes a higher social class, nobility, whereas in the Karaim translation the word refers to a member of this class.Its etymon is either the Pol.szlachta, the Ukr.шляхта or the Russ.шляхта 'nobility' but it is not possible to indicate from which language it has been borrowed as this word has denoted the noble class in many Slavic languages since the Middle Ages.The Karaim dictionary states that the word šlaḥta is a loanword from Pol. (KRPS ).Interestingly, the word does not have a similar equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. nor in the Bibl.Brz., unlike the previous Slavonic loanwords.Counterparts provided in the Polish Bible translations are: w prawach biegli (Bibl.Gd.) 'lit.experts in laws' and radni panowie (Bibl.Brz.) 'legal advisers' which have an entirely different denotation.
An example sentence from the manuscript is given below: da Nevuḫadnecar meleḫ ijdi ystyrma kśonzelerni vojvodalarny hetmanlerni poborcalarny šlaḥtalarny uredniqlerni (Dan :) 'and Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather the princes, the governors, the commanders, the treasurers, the nobles, the officials' (19) Another interesting loanword is ulice, spelled ‫יא‬ ‫יצֵ‬ ‫.א͏וּלִ‬It occurs only once in Dan (Dan :) with the meaning of 'streets' .It is most probably derived from the plural form of the Pol.noun ulica 'street' , that is ulice 'streets' .In this rare example it may be observed that it is not the singular form of the word that has been borrowed but the plural variant. 15The plural form is not reflected in the Hebrew Bible, which provides the singular variant, that is ‫וב‬ ‫חֹ‬ ְ ‫ר‬ 'street' , nor in the Polish Bible translations, in which the singular variant is also found (Bibl.Gd. ulica, Bibl.Brz.ulica 'street').The loanword does not occur in KRPS, which only attests the Turkic counterpart, that is oram 'street' (KRPS ), for all three Karaim dialects.
An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: da altymyš eki haftalardan qajtyr da qondarylyr ulice (Dan :) 'and after sixty-two weeks he shall return and streets shall be rebuilt' (20) Uredniq, spelled ‫יקְ‬ ‫נִ‬ ‫ידְ‬ ‫,א͏וּרֵ‬ appears in Dan three times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) and has the meaning 'official, officer' .Analogically to the word sqrypce, it is most probably a transitional form between the Pol.urzędnik 'official, clerk' and the Ukr.урядник or the Russ.урядник 'army officer' .As in the case of other words Karaim has borrowed from Slavonic languages, it is sometimes impossible to determine whether a word should be read with the front vowel i or the back vowel y as the Hebrew script does not allow such a distinction.If the word was borrowed from Ukr. it should be read as urednyq, but if it is instead a Pol.influence, it should be read as uredniq.Once again a counterpart in the Polish Bibles is almost identical, namely urzędnicy 'officials, clerks' (the plural form of urzędnik) in both the Bibl.Gd. and the Bibl.Brz.An example sentence from the manuscript is given below: Da yštyryndylar ksonzeler uredniqler da vojvodalar da kenešcileri meleḫnin da baqtylar bu erenlerni ki erklenmedi alarda ot guflarynda alarnyn (Dan :) ' And the princes, the officials, and the governors, and the king's advisers gathered and saw these men, upon whose bodies the fire had no power' (21) Utrymacet-, spelled ‫יט‬ ‫צֵ‬ ‫ימַ‬ ִ ‫ר‬ ‫,א͏וּטְ‬ appears twice in Dan (Dan :, Dan :) and has the meaning 'to retain, to keep, to maintain' .Although its etymon may be the Ukr.утримати 'to hold, to keep' , it is noteworthy that there is a phonetically close counterpart in Pol., namely utrzymać 'to maintain, to keep' .Thus, the verb utrymacet-may be another example of a mixed dialectal form of Polish-Ukrainian provenance in which Polish words are realized with the sound r instead of rz, similarly to the above-mentioned word attested in the manuscript, that is sqrypce.Interestingly enough, its equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. is the phonetically similar, but semantically different verb otrzymać16 'to receive, to obtain' .
An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: ancaq ki utrymacetmesti kücü ol bileknin ani turalmasty da bilegide anyn (Dan :) 'but she will not retain the strength of [her] arm, nor he and his arm will be able to last'

Conclusions
The list above presents twenty-one Slavonic loanwords attested in the Book of Daniel in the South-Western Karaim manuscript no.ADub.III..The vast majority of the borrowings are nouns (i.e.fifteen), yet there are examples of four verbs, one adjective and one conjunction.
When examining this vocabulary it should be borne in mind that South-Western Karaims were fluent in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian, so they could freely borrow words from these languages whenever they deemed it necessary.The analysis showed that all the analyzed words have Polish counterparts which may be considered as their Slavonic etymons.However, only five of them, namely pišcalqa 'pipe' , poborca 'collector' , pońevaż 'because' , symfonalia 'an archaic musical instrument' and utrymacet-'to retain' , are without any doubt derived from Polish as they do not possess phonetically appropriate counterparts in Russian and Ukrainian.As many as sixteen loanwords, e.g.arfa 'harp' , hetman 'commander' , qornet 'cornet' , postanovtet-'to decide' and starosta 'community leader' , are to be found in more than one Slavonic language, so it is impossible to determine from which language they have been borrowed.
The Book of Daniel is one of the shorter books of the Tanakh and, therefore, is not entirely apposite for statistically valid conclusions to be drawn.Regardless of that fact, the degree of correspondence between Slavonic loanwords in the South-Western Karaim Bible translation and their counterparts in the Polish Bible translations suggests that the authors of the Karaim translation could have been influenced by the earlier Polish translations.Further research is required to determine whether these preliminary conclusions will be confirmed by material found in South Western Karaim translations of other parts of the Tanakh.

Table 1 :
List of Slavonic loanwords with their Polish, Ukrainian and Russian counterparts In ADub.III.
It is clearly a loanword from the Pol.ponieważ 'because' .The word is employed according to the Slavonic word order, namely it precedes the subordinate clause it introduces, 10 e.g.pońevaż joḥtu[…]meleḫ any erklenivcü (Dan :) 'for there was[…]no king who has ordered this' .In some cases it is combined with conjunction ki, e.g.pońevaż ki joḥtu enge tenri ki bolalɣaj qutqarma bulaj (Dan :) 'for there was no other god who was able to rescue like this' .The same tendency can be observed in conjunctions formed with ki and Trk.words in later Karaim texts, e.g.nice ki 'as' , nasly ki 'as', ḥangi ki 'which, who' in the Crimean Karaim translation of Melukhat Sha'ul (Smętek : -).The conjunction pońevaż has two equivalents in the Bibl.Gd., namely gdyż 'for' or dlatego iż 'because' .Postanovtet-, spelled ‫יט‬ ‫טֵ‬ ‫בְ‬ ‫נוֹ‬ ‫טַ‬ ‫סְ‬ ‫פוֹ‬ or ‫ט‬ ‫טֵ‬ ‫בְ‬ ‫נוֹ‬ ‫טַ‬ ‫סְ‬ ‫,פוֹ‬ appears in Dan six times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'to decide, to appoint, to assign' , a denotation which is broader than its Slavonic etymon.The word may be a loanword either from the Ukr.постановити or the Russ.постановить, which share the same meaning, that is 'to decide' .There are two equivalents in the Bibl.Gd., namely postanowić 'to decide' and przełożyć 'to appoint' .An example sentence from the manuscript is given below: Pusta et-,11spelled ‫יט‬ ‫אֵ‬ ‫א‬ ‫טָ‬ ‫,פ͏וּסְ‬ only occurs in Dan once (Dan :) and has the meaning 'to devastate, to desolate' .The etymons of the adjective pusta which forms the above verb may be either the Pol.adjective pusty 'empty' or the Ukr.adjective пустий 'empty' when it has the feminine gender, that is pusta or пуста, respectively.The verb is not present in Karaim dictionaries, yet Németh (: , ) attests a verb with the same phonetic variant, i.Rov, spelled ‫ב‬ ‫,רוֹ‬ appears only once in Dan (Dan :) with the meaning of 'ditch' .It seems that its etymon is the Russ.ров'ditch' rather than the Pol.rów 'ditch' as the Karaim semicursive employed in the manuscript allows a clear distinction to be made between the vowels o and u ( ‫וֹ‬ and ‫,͏וּ‬ respectively).The contemporary Ukr.counterpart is рів 'ditch' , although a historical Polish-Church Slavonic-Ukrainian dictionary by Witwicki from the nineteenth century attests the variant ров 'ditch' for Ukr.(SPCU ), a variant which may also be the etymon of the Karaim loanword.The counterpart in the Bibl.Gd. is przekopanie 'digging' , whereas the Bibl.Brz. has opadłość murów 12 'decline of walls' .An example phrase from the manuscript is given below: (9) A conjunction pońevaż, spelled ‫ָוז‬ ‫ֵיו‬ ‫,פ͏וֹנ‬ occurs multiple times in Dan (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'because' .e. pusta et-'to desolate' , in a Western Karaim Bible translation preserved in a manuscript from .There is no direct equivalent in the Bibl.Gd. as the corresponding part of the verse Dan : is translated as na podeptanie podane będzie 'it shall be subjected to trampling' .An example sentence from the manuscript is given below:ol navilik pustalyɣy ücün ol hammešelik ʿolanyn ki ol tanmaq jazyq pusta etedi (Dan :) 'the empty prophecy concerning the continuous burnt offering that the transgression and sin make desolate' .(12)Pustalyq, spelled ‫יק‬ ‫הלִ‬ ‫טָ‬ ‫,פ͏וּסְ‬ occurs in Dan four times (Dan :, Dan :, Dan :, Dan :) with the meaning of 'desolation, devastation' .Analogically to the verb pusta et-'to devastate, to desolate' discussed above, it is a loanword from the Pol.pusta or the Ukr.пуста 'empty' (the feminine forms of the adjectives pusty or пустий 'empty' , respectively) combined with the Turkic suffix -lIQ which forms nominals.Its equivalent in the Bibl.Gd., namely spustoszenie 'havoc,